Advances in Diabetes Treatment
In the United States, over 38 million people—roughly 1 in 10 Americans—are living with diabetes, a condition that impacts how the body processes blood sugar (glucose). There are two primary types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2.
Type 1 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes, typically diagnosed in children or teenagers, occurs when the pancreas produces little or no insulin, the hormone that regulates blood sugar. People with Type 1 diabetes manage their condition mainly through insulin therapy.
Type 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes, far more common and typically developing in adults, accounts for 90% to 95% of all diabetes cases, according to the CDC. In Type 2 diabetes, the body struggles with high blood sugar levels, often due to a combination of factors, including diet, genetics, age, hormonal changes, and weight. The CDC also estimates that about one in three adults in the U.S. has prediabetes, a condition that increases the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes.
Without treatment, diabetes can lead to complications such as vision issues, heart disease, and kidney damage. However, lifestyle changes—such as healthier eating, weight management, and regular exercise—can play a significant role in maintaining healthy blood sugar levels.
Medications for managing Type 2 diabetes
The American Diabetes Association highlights several medications available to help manage Type 2 diabetes, including:
- Metformin: Lowers blood glucose by decreasing the amount of glucose produced by the liver.
- Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors: Prevent the breakdown of hormones that naturally help reduce blood glucose levels.
- GLP-1 and Dual GLP-1/GIP Receptor Agonists: Mimic natural hormones that help regulate glucose.
- Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors: Work in the kidneys to prevent glucose reabsorption, causing excess glucose to be eliminated in urine.
- Sulfonylureas: Stimulate the pancreas to release more insulin.
- Thiazolidinediones (TZDs): Improve insulin efficiency in muscle and fat tissue and reduce glucose production in the liver.
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists are particularly noteworthy, available in both injectable and oral tablet forms. They mimic a natural hormone that stimulates insulin production after meals, thus lowering blood sugar levels. Recently, these drugs have gained attention for their potential to treat not only diabetes but also obesity, heart disease, sleep apnea, and even substance use disorders.
Innovations in diabetes technology
Recent advancements in diabetes technology are transforming how people manage their condition. In August, the FDA approved an interoperable automatic glycemic controller software-based technology for adults with Type 2 diabetes. Previously only available for people with Type 1 diabetes, this device can automatically adjust insulin delivery by integrating with an ACE (alternate controller-enabled) insulin pump and a continuous glucose monitor (CGM). It can be worn for up to three days, providing seamless glucose management.
Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) systems, which continuously track glucose levels under the skin, offer valuable insights and often eliminate the need for frequent finger sticks. Insulin pens, pumps, and smartphone apps have also made diabetes management more convenient and personalized. For those with Type 2 diabetes that is difficult to control, an innovative outpatient procedure called endoscopic duodenal mucosal regeneration offers a new approach by targeting the duodenum to improve blood sugar control.
To learn more about diabetes and explore resources for managing the condition, visit the American Diabetes Association’s website.
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